Table 1 Characteristics of the study population

Age (years)

55.00 (0.25)

59.86 (0.81)

< 0.001

IOP (mmHg)

14.67 (0.05)

14.95 (0.17)

0.083

Hypertension (Yes, %)

33.79 (0.01)

51.31 (0.03)

< 0.001

Hypercholesterolemia (Yes, %)

30.41 (0.01)

37.68 (0.03)

0.013

Hypertriglyceridemia (Yes, %)

15.94 (0.01)

16.65 (0.02)

0.749

Diabetes (Yes, %)

15.72 (0.01)

26.18 (0.03)

< 0.001

Waist circumference (cm)

85.02 (0.15)

87.72 (0.53)

< 0.001

BMI (kg/m²)

24.28 (0.05)

24.62 (0.19)

0.080

Neck circumference (cm)

35.31 (0.05)

36.17 (0.20)

< 0.001

Systolic BP (mmHg)

120.32 (0.28)

124.17 (0.99)

< 0.001

Diastolic BP (mmHg)

76.95 (0.16)

76.66 (0.58)

0.646

Refractive error (D)

− 0.51 (0.04)

− 1.09 (0.20)

0.003

Stress (%)

24.30 (0.01)

17.78 (0.02)

0.011

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

103.18 (0.34)

107.23 (1.67)

0.018

HDL (mg/dL)

51.95 (0.2)

49.25 (0.68)

< 0.001

Smoking (Yes, %)

40.96 (0.01)

48.21 (0.03)

0.016

Drinking (Heavy, %)

52.25 (0.01)

53.07 (0.03)

0.798

Education level (High, %)

77.20 (0.01)

66.65 (0.03)

< 0.001

Residence area (Urban, %)

70.61 (0.02)

70.55 (0.03)

0.986

Income (Low, %)

14.39 (0.01)

20.15 (0.02)

0.002

MetS (Yes, %)

35.87 (0.01)

45.85 (0.03)

< 0.001

Physical activity (Yes, %)

41.76 (0.01)

38.54 (0.03)

0.295

Overall week sleep duration (hour)

6.80 (0.02)

6.66 (0.08)

0.086

Weekday sleep duration (hour)

6.64 (0.02)

6.52 (0.08)

0.144

Weekend sleep duration (hour)

7.19 (0.02)

7.00 (0.10)

0.070

Glaucoma treatment (%)

13.33 (0.02)

0.39 (0.00)

< 0.001